Upsc pali notes. The earliest and most important Pali 1 day ago · Download UPSC Mains Value-Add Notes PDF for GS1–GS4. Buddhism spread to several countries outside India. Classical Sanskrit literature, Tamil Sangam literature, and Pali literature flourished in Oct 13, 2025 · Here you can read free UPSC Notes and IAS study guides in English. The three pitakas of Buddhism are Abhidhamma Pitaka , Sutta Pitaka and Vinaya Pitaka. The UPSC EPFO EO/AO & APFC exam tests not just knowledge but clarity and consistency. It's FREE. Get data, reports, examples, and quotes to enhance answer writing and improve your UPSC Mains scores. Answer: The Indo-Greek rulers, exemplified by Menander I, played a vital role in shaping the cultural landscape of ancient India. The Prelims test analytical and conceptual clarity, the Mains focuses on critical thinking, articulation, and subject mastery, while the Interview assesses presence of mind, ethical judgment, and Candidates can check other NCERT Notes on Ancient History of India for the UPSC IAS Prelims and Mains Exam. com Telegram: https://t. Maximize your chances of success! Oct 12, 2024 · UPSC Notes PDF in Hindi (UPSC IAS Material 2025) हिंदी माध्यम छात्रों के यूपीएससी के सम्पूर्ण ऑफिसियल नोट्स एवं मटेरियल free books download The Union Public Service Commission conducts the prestigious Civil Services Exam every year. Other Prakrit languages, such as Sauraseni, Maharastri, Magadhi, and Gandhari, embody various aspects of the Brahmanical/Hindu and Buddhist literatures. Origin and Homeland of Pali and its characteristics. Oct 11, 2024 · The recent decision by the Union Cabinet to grant classical language status to Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali marks a significant expansion of India's classical languages to a total of eleven. Page 1 of 115 Arora IAS ANCIENT HISTORY Revision NOTES www. Information about Edicts of Ashoka and Inscriptions for Famine Relief covers topics like Edicts of Ashoka, Ashoka’s India's literary heritage is a treasure trove brimming with diverse languages and rich traditions. These NCERT notes are prepared by the subject-matter experts and are recommended for both, UPSC Prelims 2023 and the UPSC Mains 2023. 1. Nov 17, 2023 · Pali and Prakrit literature played a transformative role in shaping the religious and philosophical landscape of ancient India. Jul 5, 2025 · UPSC History Optional Map Solution 2024: History Optional Mapping PYQs Solution. Answer: Ashoka’s inscriptions are a vital source of information on ancient Indian history, providing insight into the emperor’s administration, policies, and promotion of Buddhism. All three Civil Services Examination phases included questions on Polity. Exams Sangam Age – Political History of South India | UPSC Ancient History Notes MAURYAN EMPIRE (322-185 BCE): Reign, Ruler & Historical Significance Jainism and Buddhism: Difference and Similarities| UPSC Notes Post Mauryan Period (200 BC – 300 AD) – Clashes, Cultures, and Kingdoms in Ancient (These syllabus may change from time to time. [/su_box] Gautam Buddha & His Teachings Notes:- Download PDF Here The table below lists a few important articles in continuation with the topic above as part of our series on NCERT Ancient Indian History Notes for UPSC 2023. B. Literary and Archaeological records are the two main categories that give evidences of Ancient Indian History. Key Features of Buddhist literature Language: The Buddhist texts were compiled in Pali, the language of common Explore the richness of Buddhist literature, spanning scriptures, narratives, teachings, and philosophical insights. Nov 17, 2023 · Devanagari is an alphabet used in India and Nepal, with a wide range of languages and dialects, including Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Pali, Konkani, Bodo, Sindhi, and Maithili. Hence, IAS prelims study material pdf will be helpful for those looking for a download option of these notes. Mauryan art is classified into two broad categories: Court Art – Art created under royal patronage. These notes will also be useful for other competitive exams like banking PO, SSC, state civil services exams, and so on. Bodhisattva ideal and the linguistic differences. Please check with the relevant Public Service Commission websites for any changes in the syllabus) Pali Syllabus-UGC The Pali Language and Literature Pāli is the name given to the language of the texts of Theravāda Buddhism, although the commentarial tradition of the Theravādins states that the language of the canon is Māgadhī, the language supposedly spoken by the Buddha Gotama. Political stability was maintained in north by Kushans and by Satavahanas in south. Pãli Grammar- Oct 14, 2024 · The early stage is represented by the Edicts of Ashoka (c. UPSC CSE Mains 2017 (GS Paper 1): Question: Discuss the significance of Ashoka’s inscriptions in understanding ancient Indian political and social life. Amidst this linguistic tapestry, Pali and Prakrit literature stand as important repositories of ancient wisdom and religious thought. Theravada Buddhism It refers to the school of elder monks, which has as its doctrinal foundation of Buddha's teachings preserved in the Pali Canon (the only complete Buddhist canon). Pala dynasty founded by Gopala What is the correct chronological order of the above events, starting from the Oct 15, 2025 · India recognizes six languages as Classical Languages. These languages were instrumental in explaining profound doctrines to the masses, enabling the dissemination of Buddhist and Jain philosophies. With many languages spoken, multilingualism is seen as the backbone of India's democracy. Lord Buddha delivered his discourses in Pali, and as a result, early Buddhist literature was written in Pali. The religion emphasized non-violence, good social conduct, charity, and rejected the ritualism and social hierarchy of Sep 28, 2023 · Buddha taught in Pali. 250 BCE) and by Pali (used by Theravada Buddhists) and Ardha Magadhi (used in Jainism). The Rig Veda is the foundation of Sanskrit literature. Pali literature also includes commentaries on the Pali Canon, as well as works of poetry, drama, and fiction. Jul 5, 2025 · Written in Brahmi script and Pali language Fourteen edicts reflect Asoka’s humane approach in his internal administration, his fatherly concern for the moral and spiritual welfare of his subjects, and his commitment to non-violence and abandonment of warfare. This article talks about the spread of Buddhism in ancient India, Buddhist Councils, and texts. The notes and questions for Summary Nitin Singhania: Indian Literature have been prepared according to the UPSC exam syllabus. Hinayana sects consider Buddha as a Human Being. Establishment of Chola power by Parantaka-I 4. Prakrit is a catch-all name for any language that differs from the mainstream one, Sanskrit. 2. Both the Prelims and Mains exams cover Indian politics. Check more about 6 Classical Languages of India 2024, Criteria, Benefits, List, UPSC Notes PDF here The Visuddhimagga (Pali; English: The Path of Purification; Vietnamese: Thanh tịnh đạo), is the 'great treatise' on Buddhist practice and Theravāda Abhidhamma written by Buddhaghosa approximately in the 5th century in Sri Lanka. The literary source includes literature of Vedic, Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, and other literature along with other foreign accounts. The Sutta Pitaka is the second of three divisions of Theravada Buddhism's Tripitaka or Pali Canon, a Pali collection of Buddhist writings. With 11 languages now recognized, including Tamil, Sanskrit, Marathi, and Bengali, this article explores their list, criteria, benefits, historical value, and recent updates in 2024. The notes and questions for Nitin Singhania Summary: Indian Literature- 1 have been prepared according to the UPSC exam syllabus. UPSC History Notes, UPSC Polity Notes, UPSC Geography Notes, UPSC Economics Notes, Mains Answer Writing Practice, Affordable and easy payment via UPI. Folk Art – Art Ancient History Notes for UPSC [Part 10] Gupta Empire Ancient History, GS Paper - 1, History GUPTA EMPIRE- 4 rd to 6 th century CE The empire was established after the Kushans and Satvahanas declined. Additionally, it discusses the impact of this literature on culture and We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Download UPSC notes PDFs for free! Jul 4, 2012 · The complete syllabus of Pali for the UPSC Civil Services Mains exam. This move reflects a shift in criteria, dropping the requirement for an original literary tradition, acknowledging the complex interconnections among ancient languages. Mar 10, 2015 · ClearIAS online notes (IAS study materials) are simple and easy-to-learn. The UPSC Prelims is a test of knowledge, analytical ability and clarity of thought and understanding. Pãli Grammar: Technical Terms of Pãli Grammar- Akkhara, Sara, Vyañjana, Niggahîta, Nãma, Sabbanãma, Ãkhyãta, Upasagga, Nipãta, Abyaya Kãraka Samãsa Document Description: Nitin Singhania Summary: Indian Literature- 1 for UPSC 2025 is part of History for UPSC CSE preparation. For all the Buddhist scriptures this traditional term is used. China adopted Buddhism in the 1st century AD. Apr 13, 2024 · After the Vedic period, Pali and Prakrit languages became important in Indian literature, especially for Buddhist and Jain religious texts. The three pitakas are: Vinaya Pitaka Sutta Pitaka Abhidhamma Pitaka The Tripitaka of the Theravada school is the only full Tripitaka preserved in Pali. The archaeological explorations and excavations have opened NEW! (Download) UPSC TOPPER 2019 : Sarjana Yadav (AIR-126) SOCIOLOGY Strategy Notes PDF NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Prajit Nair AIR-87 Geography Notes PDF 2017 NEW! TOPPERS NOTES IAS Exam Notes For UPSC General Studies Prelims & Mains | Reviewed by Abhishek Saraf 2019 NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper D. Indian Literature – Art and Culture Notes The literature produced on the Indian subcontinent is referred to as Indian literature. Pali is Theravada Buddhism's sacred language. It highlights key texts, themes, and authors, including the Vedas, Ramayana, Mahabharata, and notable poets like Kalidasa. Let us embark on a journey to explore the nuances of Pali and Prakrit literature, which played a pivotal role in shaping the spiritual and intellectual landscape Oct 29, 2022 · UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions Prelims Prelims Q. They established many monasteries and other infrastructure and are considered to be one of the most influential rulers of that time. Role of agricultural surplus Role of iron technology Role of differentiation of crafts- Digha Nikaya mentions 28 crafts. The UPSC EPFO notes PDF free download option is a game-changer for aspirants who want to prepare smartly without wasting time. UPSC Mains Exam Syllabus - Pali Optional UPSC Mains Exam Syllabus - Pali Optional PAPER-I (Pãli Language) (N. Jun 6, 2025 · UPSC Issue at a Glance | India’s Linguistic Landscape: From constitutional safeguards to endangered languages "Kos-kos par badle paani, chaar kos par baani" — this age-old saying beautifully captures the essence of India’s unmatched linguistic richness. Buddhist Literature Prakrit and Pali were the post-Vedic languages spoken by Indians. This article will explain to you the Dipavamsa which will be helpful in Ancient History preparation for the UPSC Civil service exam. Previous Year Questions on Milinda Panha 1. All answers must be written in Pali language in Devanãgarî or Roman Script) Section-A: 1. The Pali Canon text roughly translates to the “Word of the Buddha”. Pali texts mention the hierarchy of settlements was – Pura or town, nigama (market cities) and nagara or mahanagara. Your Ancient History preparation just got clearer! Explore the nuances of the Arhant vs. Introduction of Nitin Singhania Summary: Languages in India in English is available as part of our History for UPSC CSE for UPSC & Nitin Singhania Summary: Languages in India in Hindi for History for UPSC CSE course. Jun 17, 2020 · This post provides short notes about Buddhism, an important topic for various UPSC exams. pdf), Text File (. Sep 28, 2023 · This article will provide you with relevant NCERT notes on Buddha, Buddha’s philosophy and teachings of Gautam Buddha, for the IAS Exam. Prepare Online for UPSC Exams. Its significance stems not just from its use as a source of history and folklore, but also from its status as an early work in Buddhist and Pali literature. How to Prepare Effectively for UPSC CSE Cracking the UPSC CSE requires a deep understanding of the syllabus, consistent revision, structured answer writing, and smart test-taking strategies. With concise, well-organized, and reliable notes, you can boost your preparation and improve your chances of success. Organize your studies and revise important topics effectively with our expert-curated material. These texts serve as the primary sources for Buddhist teachings, meditation practices, and ethical guidelines, spanning various languages and traditions. Get the latest current affairs and GK resources for free to effectively prepare for the CSE exam. Role of guilds- standardization, quality and wealth Access a vast collection of free UPSC study materials, notes, PDFs, test series, and magazines on our website with just a single click. Jul 30, 2025 · Among the most effective tools in a UPSC aspirant’s arsenal are handwritten notes for UPSC. Consider the following events in the history of India: (2020) 1. Here's what you need to know about India's Pali is an Indian subcontinental Middle Indo-European liturgical language. UPSC NOTES Current Affairs Ncert Drishti Notes General Knowledge Bihar Gk Vision Ias Notes UPPSC Notes Indian Geography Indian History Polity Rajasthan Gk Notes Computer Notes General Science Vacancy Form Other Post 📍 The Pali or Sri Lankan chronicles—the Dipavamsa (4th–5th centuries) and the Mahavamsa (5th century)—contain a historical-cum-mythical account of the Buddha’s life, the Buddhist councils, the Maurya emperor Ashoka, the kings of Sri Lanka, and the arrival of Buddhism on that island. Establishment of Pallava power under Mahendravarman-I 3. Document Description: Summary Nitin Singhania: Indian Literature for UPSC 2025 is part of UPSC preparation. UPSC CSE 2018 Question. It is a manual condensing and systematizing the 5th century understanding and interpretation of the Buddhist path as maintained by the elders of the Mahavihara The Tripitaka (Pali Canon), Mahayana Sutras and the Tibetan Book of the Dead are three major Buddhist texts which are unconventional. Jan 23, 2024 · Q: Why is it essential to study Jainism and Buddhism in the context of Ancient Indian history for the UPSC exam? A: Understanding Jainism and Buddhism is crucial for UPSC aspirants as these ancient religions played a significant role in shaping the social, cultural, and philosophical landscape of ancient India. Tripitaka Tripitaka is a traditional word for Buddhist scriptures, often known as Pali Canon in English. Discuss the role of Indo-Greek rulers in shaping the cultural landscape of ancient India. AroraIAS. Feb 23, 2024 · Pali literature is the oldest and most important body of literature in Theravada Buddhism. Pali literature, particularly the Tripitaka, encapsulates the teachings of Buddhism, while Prakrit literature reflects the regional diversity of languages and dialects in ancient India. Other Tripitaka forms Bot VerificationVerifying that you are not a robot 2. Ready to master Buddhism for your State PSC & UPSC exams? Vedic Period: History Notes for UPSC & Govt. It comprises the four Vedas: Rigveda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, and Atharva Veda Prepare Online for UPSC Exams. Download more important topics related with notes, lectures and mock test series for UPSC Exam by signing up for free. Theravada is seen to be a continuation of the Hinayana school. Helped by agriculture. The literature produced on the Indian subcontinent is referred to as Indian literature. Buddhism originated in India in the 6th century BCE, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha. History Notes for UPSC - Free download as PDF File (. Classical Sanskrit literature, Tamil Sangam Apr 24, 2024 · Buddhist literature encompasses a vast array of texts, ranging from ancient scriptures to commentaries and philosophical treatises. Pali is the best attested of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages because of the extensive writings of early Buddhists. Oct 27, 2025 · The National Education Policy 2020 aims to transform India's education system by enhancing access, equity, quality, development from school to higher education. Uncover the profound wisdom within ancient texts. NCERT notes on important topics for the UPSC Civil Services Exam. In this article, we have talked about the pali language and literature. Pali Literature is primarily concerned with the Theravada sect of Buddhism, of which Pali is the traditional language. The UPSC Prelims exam is approaching and candidates who are planning to crack the civil services prelims exam should be deep into the Prelims exam preparation. Rajdhani was the capital city. Oct 15, 2025 · Ancient Indian literature, primarily oral, is vast and beautiful. The Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata first appeared at the end of the first millennium BCE. In this article, we will discuss Ancient Languages - Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali which will be helpful for UPSC exam preparation. UPSC Syllabus For Indian Polity The Civil Services Exam includes a section on politeness. The Vinaya Pitaka and the Abhidharma Pitaka are the other two parts of the Tripitaka. Ancient History Notes-3 UPSC CSE Buddhism and Jainism After the end of Vedic age, various non-Vedic religious cults emerged in India and among them most prominent were Buddhism and Jainism. Indian Polity for UPSC Prelims 2025 The UPSC Prelims Syllabus includes information on The Eightfold Path, in Pali Atthangika-magga and in Sanskrit Astangika-marga, is an early formulation of the path to enlightenment in Buddhism. Explore UPSC study materials provided by ClearIAS. The Indian people speak languages belonging to four major distinct speech families: the Austric, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetan, and Indo-European. Mahayana sects of Buddhists believe that Buddha is a divine being. Apr 25, 2024 · Look into the wide range of Jain Literature, which includes philosophical writings and scriptures and provides deep insights into Jain ethics and teachings. pali ke mandir #shortnotes राजस्थान सामान्य ज्ञान l Rajasthan gk l RAS l Rpsc l Reet l Rajasthan all exam gk l Rajasthangk allRajasthan GK new #rajasthan #g History Notes for UPSC [Part 13] Ancient Indian Contribution Ancient History, GS Paper - 1, History Photo Source Left /Right Sanskrit Literature in Ancient Times Fillip to Sanskrit literature after a long period of dominance of Pali and Prakrit languages mainly due to religion of Guptas, Vakatakas and Satavahana. The earliest works of Indian literature were passed down orally. 16 questions from the UPSC Polity curriculum were directly asked in the 2020 Prelims. Previous Year Questions on Jain Literature 1. At Chandra Classes Prayagraj, we ensure students gain both—through structured notes, consistent practice, and real exam-like mocks. Download the Difference between Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism UPSC Notes! Aug 23, 2025 · Classical Languages of India highlight the nation's rich heritage, literature, and culture. There was a significant shift from the use of wood to stone for constructing buildings, sculptures, and monuments. Jun 13, 2025 · Mauryan Empire: Art, Architecture and Sculpture The Mauryan period marked the revival of stone art in India after the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization. Explore all about it in this comprehensive review! Pali canon, also known as Tripitaka in Sanskrit, is the main book of Buddhism. The Pali Canon, which contains the teachings of the Buddha, is written in Pali. May 7, 2025 · Best UPSC handwritten notes in Hindi. . UPSC CSE Prelims 2018: Question: Which language was predominantly used for the composition of early Jain scriptures? A) Sanskrit B) Pali C) Prakrit D) Tamil Answer: C Explanation: Prakrit was the predominant language used for the composition of early Jain scriptures. Origin and Homeland of Pãli and its characteristics. Burmese-Pali manuscript copy of the Buddhist text Mahaniddesa, showing three different types of Burmese script, (top) medium square, (centre) round and (bottom) outline round in red lacquer from the inside of one of the gilded covers Pali literature is concerned mainly with Theravada Buddhism, of which Pali (IAST: pāl̤i) is the traditional language. The document provides an overview of Ancient Indian Literature, covering various genres such as Vedic, Buddhist, Jain, and Tamil literature, along with significant contributions from the Gupta period. 🔴 FILL THE FORM TO GET PDF NOTES: https Full syllabus notes, lecture and questions for Chapter 6 - Indian Languages And Literature - I - Notes, UPSC / IAS Exam - Art, Architecture and Literature by Shahid Ali - UPSC - Plus excerises question with solution to help you revise complete syllabus for Art, Architecture and Literature by Shahid Ali - Best notes, free PDF download Oct 1, 2025 · Bipin Chandra Pal, the Father of Revolutionary Thoughts in India, played a key role in the freedom struggle. Get top-notch Public Administration Optional notes for UPSC CSE! Prepared by renowned faculty Ashutosh Pandey Sir at ProdEgyIAS institute in Delhi. Oct 15, 2025 · The earliest systematic and most complete collection of early Buddhist sacred literature is the Pali Tripitakas (Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka, Abhidhamma Pitaka). com www. Rise of Pratiharas under King Bhoja 2. There are two major categories of Buddhist The Palas: The Pala dynasty ruled from 8th century to 12th century CE in the regions comprising Bihar and Bengal. me/Aroraias Ancient History Notes Page 2 of 115 Index CHAPTER-1 : The Significance of Ancient Indian History CHAPTER-2 : Modern Historians of Ancient India CHAPTER-3 : Nature of Sources and Historical Construction CHAPTER-4 : Geographical Setting CHAPTER-5 : Ecology and Environment Oct 25, 2024 · Pali Language The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) recently organised a gathering of Buddhist monks and scholars in Colombo to discuss India’s decision to recognize Pali as a classical language. Whether you're comfortable in English medium or Hindi medium, handwritten notes for UPSC simplify concepts, provide structured content, and boost retention. Technical Terms of Pali Grammar-Akkhara, Sara, Vyanjana, Niggahita, Nama, Sabbanama, Akhyata, Upasagga, Nipata, Abyaya,Explanation of Pali verses in Pali. Jul 7, 2025 · Jainism (Ancient History-UPSC Notes): Mahavira's life, Jain philosophy, councils, sects (Digambara & Shvetambara), literature, and modern-day relevance. Mar 26, 2018 · UPSC Syllabus for IAS Main-Pali Exam. Rahul Venkat Study Notes NEW! (Download) UPSC Topper Anushul Kumar Study Notes NEW! (Download Oct 15, 2025 · The Constitution of India has recognised 22 official languages. Buddhism and Jainism important topic for upcoming examination in which general study is a subject specaily for those who is going to appear in mp psc upsc ssc Document Description: Edicts of Ashoka and Inscriptions for Famine Relief for UPSC 2025 is part of History Optional for UPSC preparation. The notes and questions for Edicts of Ashoka and Inscriptions for Famine Relief have been prepared according to the UPSC exam syllabus. Map Based Questions with Solution 2024 History Optional Mains Examination. Jun 11, 2023 · Language Script of the language Families of Indian languages Indo-Aryan group of language Dravidian language Sino-Tibetan group of language Austric language Classical languages Literature Sanskrit literatures Classification of Sanskrit literatures - Vedic and Classical Vedic literatures Rig Veda Yajur Veda Sama Veda Atharva Veda Extended texts of Vedas Brahmanas Aranyakas Upanishads Puranas Buddhism - Definition, Origins, Teachings, Buddhist Councils. UPSC Notes 2024: Find the best UPSC Preparation notes by expert educators and previous year toppers. Girnar Located in Girnar Hill near Junagadh in Kathiawar of Gujarat. Our study material covers UPSC mains & prelims test series & mock test. 📢 Hello Aspirants! 🙋🏻‍♂️Exciting news! The ancient Pali language has received official recognition in India as a classical language. Learn about his contributions to national movement. This recognition Sep 7, 2024 · Learn about Buddhist literature, its historical origins, distinctive features, major periods, and significant texts contributing to its profound legacy. Sep 15, 2024 · Language: While most Ashoka pillar edicts were in Pali and Prakrit language, few were written in Greek or Aramaic language also. UPSC Exam Notes provides best online UPSC exam preparation. The ultimate objective of Theravada is the cessation of the kleshas and the achievement of the sublime Download concise and comprehensive UPSC notes for IAS exam preparation. The archaeological source includes epigraphic, numismatic, and other architectural remains. Architecture: Mauryan pillars mainly comprise of four parts: Shaft: A long shaft formed the base and was made up of a single piece of stone or monolith. Pali is an old Prakrit dialect that combines several dialects. Sarvastivada is a nearly complete Tripitaka in Sanskrit that has been preserved in Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan. These texts represent a diverse range of Buddhist literature composed in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Pali languages in India, covering various aspects of Buddhist philosophy, meditation, ethics, and the life of the Buddha and his disciples. The Sutta Pitaka, also known as the Buddha's wor WBCS Pali Syllabus: Check out topics, patterns, mock tests, topper's tips & download all optional & compulsory previous year papers PDF here! UPSC : Civil Services Exam Paper Pattern (Pali) Note: Answers must be written in Pali language - Devanagari or Roman Script Paper I: Pali Language Section A Origin and Homeland of Pãli and its characteristics. Learnerz is Kerala's premier UPSC IAS application providing concept-oriented Malayalam classes for Prelims & Mains with free IAS study materials, CA Download the free UPSC material and notes for Prelims and Mains exams preparation. Pali is thought to be a mash-up of multiple Prakrit languages from around the 3rd century BCE, merged and largely Sanskritized, according to current study. txt) or read online for free. Candidates who wish to pass the civil services preliminary examination should be working hard to prepare for the upcoming UPSC Prelims exam. cym elrkme4 28h 8pztpzxr vxzmmkh wnkcle jdx 9gqypn zwpt sk8